Terror Management Theory

publications

Allen, M. W. & Wilson, M. (2005). Materialism and food security. Appetite, 45, 314-323.

Anson, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (in press). Political ideology in post-9/11 America: A terror management view. In J. T. Jost, A. C. Kay, & H. Thorisdottir (Eds.), Social and psychological bases of ideology and system justification. Oxford University Press.

Arndt, J., Allen, J. J. B, & Greenberg, J. (2001). Traces of terror: Subliminal death primes and facial electromyographic indices of affect. Motivation and Emotion, 25, 253-277.

Arndt, J., Cook, A., Goldenberg, J. L, & Cox, C. R. (2007). Cancer and the threat of death: The cognitive dynamics of death thought suppression and its impact on behavioral health intentions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 12-29.

Arndt, J., Cook, A., & Routledge, C. (2004). The blueprint of terror management: Understanding the cognitive architecture of psychological defense against the awareness of death. In J. Greenberg, S. L., Koole, and T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp.35-53). New York: Guilford.

Arndt, J., Goldenberg, J. L., Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2000). Death can be hazardous to your health: Adaptive and ironic consequences of defenses against the terror of death. In J. Masling & P. Duberstain (Eds.), Psychoanalytic perspectives on sickness and health (Vol. 9, pp. 201-257). Washington D.C: American Psychological Association.

Arndt, J., & Greenberg, J. (1999). The effects of a self-esteem boost and mortality salience on responses to boost relevant and irrelevant worldview threats. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 25, 1331-1341.

Arndt, J., Greenberg, J, & Cook, A. (2002). Mortality salience and the spreading activation of worldview-relevant constructs: Exploring the cognitive architecture of terror management. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131, 307-324.

Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1997). Subliminal exposure to death-related stimuli increases defense of the cultural worldview. Psychological Science, 8, 379-385.

Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Schimel, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (2002). To belong or not to belong, that is the question: Terror management and identification with gender and ethnicity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 26-43.

Arndt, J., Greenberg, Simon, L., Pyszczynski, & Solomon, S. (1998). Terror management and self-awareness: Evidence that mortality salience provokes avoidance of the self-focused state. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 24, 1216-1227.

Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Schimel, J. (1999). Creativity and terror management: The effects of creative activity on guilt and social projection following mortality salience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 19-32.

Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Simon, L. (1997). Suppression, accessibility of death-related thoughts, and cultural worldview defense: Exploring the psychodynamics of terror management. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 5-18.

Arndt, J., Lieberman, J. D., Cook, A., & Solomon, S. (2005). Terror management in the courtroom: Exploring the effects of mortality salience on legal decision-making. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 11, 407-438.

Arndt, J., Routledge, C., Cox, C. R., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2005). The worm at the core: A terror management perspective on the roots of psychological dysfunction. Applied and Preventative Psychology, 11, 191-213.

Arndt, J., Routledge, C., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2006). Predicting proximal health responses to reminders of death: The influence of coping style and health optimism. Psychology and Health, 21, 593-614

Arndt, J., Routledge, C., Greenberg, J., & Sheldon, K. M. (2005). Illuminating the dark side of creative expression: Assimilation needs and the consequences of creative action following mortality salience. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1327-1339.

Arndt, J., Schimel, J., & Cox, C. R. (in press). A matter of life and death: Terror management and the existential relevance of self-esteem. In C. Sedikides & S. Spencer (Eds.), The self in social psychology. New York: Psychology Press.

Arndt, J., Schimel, J., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2003). Death can be good for your health: Fitness intentions as a proximal and distal defense against mortality salience. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 1726-1746.

Arndt, J., & Solomon, S. (2003). The control of death and the death of control: The effects of mortality salience, neuroticism, and worldview threat on the desire for control. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 1-22.

Arndt, J., Solomon, S., Kasser, T., & Sheldon, K. M. (2004). The urge to splurge: A terror management account of materialism and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14, 198-212.

Arndt, J., Solomon, S., Kasser, T., & Sheldon, K. M. (2004). The urge to splurge revisited: Further reflections on applying terror management theory to materialism and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14, 225-229.

Arndt, J., & Vess, M. (in press). Tales from existential oceans: Terror management theory and how the awareness of death affects us all. Social Psychology Compass.

Baldwin, M. W., & Wesley, R. (1996). Effects of existential anxiety and self-esteem on the perception of others. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 10, 75-95.

Baron, R. M. (1997). On making terror management theory less motivational and more social. Psychological Inquiry, 8, 21-22.

Beatson, R. M., & Halloran, M. J. (2007). Humans rule! The effects of creatureliness reminders, mortality salience and self-esteem on attitudes towards animals. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46, 619-632.

Beck, R. (2006). Defensive versus existential religion: Is religious defensiveness predictive of worldview defense? Journal of Psychology & Theology, 34, 143-153.

Bossong, B. (1999). The allocation of resources, moral behavior and the confrontation of one's own mortality. Gruppendynamik, 30, 93-102.

Bossong, B., & Kamkar, P. (1999). Moral behavior, relatives, and salience of mortality as determinants in inheritance allocation. Gruppendynamik, 30,427-443.

Burling, J. W. (1993). Death concerns and symbolic aspects of the self: The effects of mortality salience on status concern and religiosity. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 100-105.

Buss, D. M. (1997). Human social motivation in evolutionary perspective: Grounding terror management theory. Psychological Inquiry, 8, 22-26.

Castano, E. (2004). In case of death, cling to the ingroup. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 375-384.

Castano, E., & Dechesne, M. (in press). On defeating death: Group reification and social identification as strategies for transcendence. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology. Chichester, England: Wiley.

Castano, E., Yzerbyt, V., & M. Paladino, M. (2004). Transcending oneself through social identification. In J. Greenberg, S. L., Koole, & T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp. 305-321). New York: Guilford.

Castano, E., Yzerbyt, V. Y., Paladino, M.P., and Carnaghi, A. (2006). Extending the self in space and time: Social identification and existential concerns. In D. Capozza & R. J. Brown (Eds.), Social Identities. Motivational, Emotional, Cultural Influences (pp. 73-90). London: Sage.

Castano, E., Yzerbyt, V., Paladino, M., & Sacchi, S. (2002). I belong, therefore, I exist: Ingroup identification, ingroup entitativity, and ingroup bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 135-143.

Cicirelli, V. G. (2002). Fear of death in older adults: Predictions from terror management theory. Journals of Gerontology Series B- Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57B, 358-366.

Christie, D. J. (2006). 9/11 Aftershocks: An analysis of conditions ripe for hate crimes. In P. R. Kimmel & C. E. Stout (Eds.), Collateral damage: The psychological consequences of America's war on terrorism (pp. 19-44). Westport, CT, US: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.

Cohen, F., Ogilvie, D. M., Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2005). American roulette: The effect of reminders of death on support for George W. Bush in the 2004 presidential election. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 5, 177-187.

Cohen, F., Solomon, S., Maxfield, M., Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (2004). Fatal attraction: The effects of mortality salience on evaluations of charismatic, task-oriented, and relationship-oriented leaders. Psychological Science, 15, 846-851.

Cook, A., Arndt, J., & Lieberman, J. D. (2004). Backing off the Backfire Effect: The influence of mortality salience and justice nullification beliefs on reactions to inadmissible evidence. Law and Human Behavior, 28, 389-410.

Coolsen, M. K., & Nelson, L. J. (2002). Desiring and avoiding close romantic attachment in response to mortality salience. Journal of Death and Dying, 44, 257-276.

Cox, C., Arndt, J., Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Abdollahi, A. (in press). Terror management and adults’ attachment to their parents: The safe haven remains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

Cox, C. R., Goldenberg, J. L., Arndt, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2007). Mother’s milk: An existential perspective on negative reactions to breastfeeding. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 110-122.

Cox, C. R., Goldenberg, J. L., Pyszczynski, T., & Weise, D. (in press). Disgust, creatureliness, and the accessibility of death-related thoughts. European Journal of Social Psychology.

Cozzarelli, C., & Karafa, J. A. (1998). Cultural estrangement and terror management theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 253-267.

Cozzolino, P. J., Staples, A. D., Meyers, L. S., & Samboceti, J. (2004). Greed, death, and values: From terror management to transcendence management theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 278-292.

Crocker, J., & Nuer, N. (2004). Do people need self-esteem? Comment on Pyszczynski et al. (2004). Psychological Bulletin, 130, 469-472.

Davis, C. G., & McKearney, J. M. (2003). How do people grow from their experience with trauma or loss? Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 22, 477-492.

Dechesne, M., Greenberg, J., Arndt, J., & Schimel, J. (2000) Terror management and sports fan affiliation: The effects of mortality salience on fan identification and optimism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 813-835.

Dechesne, M., Janssen, J., & van Knippenberg, A. (2000). Defense and distancing as terror management strategies: The moderating role of need for structure and permeability of group boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 923-932.

Dechesne, M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2004). Terror's epistemic consequences: existential threats and the quest for certainty and closure. In Greenberg, S. Koole, & Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp. 247-262). New York: Guilford Press.

Dechesne, M., Pyszczynski, T., Arndt, J., Ransom, S., Sheldon, K. M, van Knippenberg, A., & Janssen, J. (2003). Literal and symbolic immortality: The effect of evidence of literal immortality on self-esteem striving in response to mortality salience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 722-737.

Dechesne, M., van den Berg, C., & Soeters, J. (2007). International collaboration under threat: A field study in Kabul. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 24, 25-36.

DeLisi, L.E. (2004). Dr. DeLisi replies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1508-1509.

DeWall, C. N., & Baumeister, R. F. (2007). From terror to joy: Automatic tuning to positive affective information following mortality salience. Psychological Science, 18, 984-990.

Dunkel, C. S. (2002).Terror management theory and identity: The effect of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on anxiety and identity change. Identity, 2, 281-301.

Ferraro, R., Shiv, B., & Bettman, J.R. (2005). Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we shall die: Effects of mortality salience and self-esteem on self-regulation in consumer choice. Journal of Consumer Research, 32, 65-75.

Fessler, D. M. T., Navarrete, C, D. (2005).The effect of age on death disgust: Challenges to terror management perspectives. Evolutionary Psychology, 3, 279-296.

Florian, V., & Mikulincer, M. (1997). Fear of death and the judgment of social transgressions: A multidimensional of terror management theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 369-380.

Florian, V., & Mikulincer, M. (1998). Terror management in childhood: Does death conceptualization moderate the effects of mortality salience on acceptance of similar and different others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1104-1112.

Florian, V., & Mikulincer, M. (1998). Symbolic immortality and the management of the terror of death. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 725-734.

Florian, V., & Mikulincer, M. (2004). A multifaceted perspective on the existential meanings, manifestations, and consequences of the fear of personal death. In J. Greenberg, S. L. Koole, & T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp.54-70). New York: Guilford.

Florian, V., Mikulincer, M., & Hirschberger, G. (2001). Validation of personal identity as a terror management mechanism -- Evidence that sex-role identity moderates mortality salience effects. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8,1011-1022.

Florian, V., Mikulincer, M., & Hirschberger, G. (2001). An existentialist view on mortality salience effects: Personal hardiness, death-thought accessibility, and cultural worldview defenses. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 437-453.

Florian, V., Mikulincer, M., & Hirschberger, G. (2002). The anxiety-buffering function of close relationships: Evidence that relationship commitment acts as a terror management mechanism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 527-542.

Friedman, R. S., & Arndt, J. (2005). Reconsidering the connection between terror management theory and dissonance theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1217-1225.

Fritsche, I., & Jonas, E. (2005). Gender conflict and worldview defense. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 571-581.

Fritsche, I., Jonas, E., Fischer, P., Koranyi, N., Berger, N., & Fleischmann, B. (in press). Mortality salience and the desire for offspring. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.

Gailliot, M. T., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Maner, J. K., Plant, E. A., Tice, D. M., Brewer, L. E., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2007). Self-Control relies on glucose as a limited energy source: Willpower is more than a metaphor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 325-336.

Gailliot, M. T., Schmeichel, B. J., & Maner, J. K. (2007). Differentiating the effects of self-control and self-esteem on reactions to mortality salience. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 894-901.

Gailliot, M., Schmeichel, B., Baumeister, R. (2006). Self-regulatory processes defend against the threat of death: Effects of self-control depletion and trait self-control on thoughts and fears of dying. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 49-62.

Goldenberg, J. L. (2005). The body stripped down: An existential account of ambivalence toward the physical body. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 224-228.

Goldenberg, J. L., Arndt, J., Hart, J., & Brown, M. (2005). Dying to be thin: The effects of mortality salience and body-mass-index on restricted eating among women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1400-1412.

Goldenberg, J. L., Cox, C. R., Arndt, J., & Goplen, J. (in press). “Viewing” pregnancy as existential threat: The effects of creatureliness on reactions to media depictions of the pregnant body. Media Psychology.

Goldenberg, J. L., Arndt, J., Hart, J., & Routledge, C. (in press). Uncovering an existential barrier to breast cancer screening behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.

Goldenberg, J. L., Cox, C. R., Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2002).Understanding human ambivalence about sex: The effects of stripping sex of meaning. Journal of Sex Research, 39, 310-320.

Goldenberg, J. L., Hart, J., Pyszczynski, T., Warnica, G. M., Landau, M., & Thomas, L. (in press). Terror of the body: Death, neuroticism, and the flight from physical sensation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.

Goldenberg, J. L., Heflick, N. A., & Cooper, D. P. (in press). The thrust of the problem: Bodily inhibitions and guilt as a function of mortality salience and neuroticism. Journal of Personality.

Goldenberg, J. L., Kosloff, S., & Greenberg, J. (2006). Existential underpinnings of approach and avoidance of the physical body. Motivation and Emotion, 30, 127-134.

Goldenberg, J. L., Landau, M., Pyszczynski, T., Cox, C., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S, & Dunnam, H. (2003). Gender-typical responses to sexual and emotional infidelity as a function of mortality salience induced self-esteem striving. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1585-1595.

Goldenberg, J. L., McCoy, S. K., Pyszczynksi, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2000). The body as a source of self-esteem: The effects of mortality salience on identification with one's body, interest in sex, and appearance monitoring. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 118-130.

Goldenberg, J. L., Pyszczynski, T. Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2000). Fleeing the body: A terror management perspective on the problem of human corporeality. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 200-218.

Goldenberg, J. L., Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Kluck, B., & Cornwell, R. (2001). I am not an animal: Mortality salience, disgust, and the denial of human creatureliness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 427-435.

Goldenberg, J. L., Pyszczynski, T., Johnson, K. D., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1999). The appeal of tragedy: The effects of mortality salience on emotional response. Media Psychology, 1, 313-329.

Goldenberg, J. L., Pyszczynski, T., McCoy, S. K., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1999). Death, sex, love, and neuroticism: Why is sex such a problem? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1173-1187.

Goldenberg, J. L., & Roberts, T. (2004). The Beauty within the beast: An existential perspective on the objectification and condemnation of women. In J. Greenberg, S. L., Koole, & T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp.71-85). New York: Guilford.

Goldenberg, J. L., Routledge, C., & Arndt, J. (in press). Mammograms and the management of existential discomfort: Threats associated with the physicality of the body and neuroticism. Psychology and Health.

Goldenberg, J. L., & Shackelford, T. I. (2005). Is it me or is it mine?: Body-self integration as a function of self-esteem, body-esteem, and mortality salience. Self and Identity, 4, 227-241.

Gordijn, E. H., & Stapel, D. A. (in press). When controversial leaders with charisma are effective: The influence of terror on the need for vision and impact of mixed attitudinal messages. European Journal of Social Psychology.

Grabe, S., Cook, A., Routledge, C., Anderson, C., & Arndt, J. (2005). In defense of the body: The effect of mortality salience on female body objectification. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 33-37.

Greenberg, J. (2006). A TMT update: Becker’s legacy to psychology, a many-splendored thing. Ernest Becker Foundation Newsletter, 13, 3, 2-4.

Greenberg, J. (2001). Considering the effects of childhood trauma: Some insights from the cinema. Ernest Becker Foundation Newsletter, 8, pp 3-4.

Greenberg, J. (in press). Salience, mortality. In William A Darity (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social sciences (2nd Ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: MacMillan.

Greenberg, J. (in press). Mortality salience. In R. F. Baumeister & K. Vohs (Eds.), Encyclopedia of social psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage press.

Greenberg, J. (in press). Terror management theory. In R. F. Baumeister & K. Vohs (Eds.), Encyclopedia of social psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage press.

Greenberg, J. (in press). Mortality salience. In D. Matsumoto (Ed.), Cambridge dictionary of psychology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Greenberg, J. (in press). Existential anxiety. In D. Matsumoto (Ed.), Cambridge dictionary of psychology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Greenberg, J. (in press). Terror management theory. In D. Matsumoto (Ed.), Cambridge dictionary of psychology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Greenberg, J. (in press). Understanding the vital human quest for self-esteem. Current Perspectives in Psychological Science.

Greenberg, J., Arndt, J., Schimel, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (2001). Clarifying the function of mortality-salience induced worldview defense: Renewed suppression or reduced accessibility of death-related thoughts? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 70-76.

Greenberg, J., Arndt, J., Simon, L., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (2000). Proximal and distal defenses in response to reminders of one's mortality: Evidence of a temporal sequence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 91-99.

Greenberg, J., & Kosloff, S. (in press). The fear of death and intergroup conflict: A terror management analysis. Social Psychology Compass.

Greenberg, J., Landau, M. J., Kosloff, S., & Solomon, S. (in press). How our dreams of death transcendence breed prejudice, stereotyping, and conflict. In T. Nelson (Ed.), The handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. New York: Guilford Press.

Greenberg, J., Landau, M. J., Solomon, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (in press). The case for terror management as the primary psychological function of religion. In D. Wulff (Ed.), Handbook of the psychology of religion. London: Oxford University Press.

Greenberg, J., Martens, A., Jonas, E., Eisenstadt, D., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (2003). Psychological defense in anticipation of anxiety: Eliminating the potential for anxiety eliminates the effects of mortality salience on worldview defense. Psychological Science, 14, 516-519.

Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1986). The causes and consequences of a need for self-esteem: a terror management theory. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Public self and private self (pp.189-212). New York: Springer-Verlag.

Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1995). Toward a dual-motive depth psychology of self and human behavior. In M.H. Kernis (Ed.), Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem (pp. 73-99). New York: Plenum.

Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T. & Solomon, S. (2002). A perilous leap from Becker's theorizing to empirical science: Terror management and research. In D. Liechty (Ed.), Death and denial: Interdisciplinary perspectives on the legacy of Ernest Becker. New York: Praeger.

Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Pinel, E., Simon, L., & Jordan, K. (1993). Effects of self-esteem on vulnerability-denying defensive distortions: Further evidence of an anxiety-buffering function of self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 29, 229-251.

Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Rosenblatt, A., Veeder, M., Kirkland, S., & Lyon, D. (1990). Evidence for terror management II: The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who threaten or bolster the cultural worldview. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 308-318.

Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Simon, L., & Breus, M. (1994). Role of consciousness and accessibility of death-related thoughts in mortality salience effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 627-637.

Greenberg, J., Schimel, J., Martens, A., Solomon, S., & Pyszcznyski, T. (2001). Sympathy for the devil: Evidence that reminding Whites of their mortality promotes more favorable reactions to White racists. Motivation and Emotion, 25, 113-133.

Greenberg, J., Simon, L., Harmon-Jones, E., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Chatel, D. (1995). Testing alternative explanations for mortality effects: Terror management, value accessibility, or worrisome thoughts? European Journal of Social Psychology, 12, 417-433.

Greenberg, J., Simon, L., Porteus, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1995). Evidence of a terror management function of cultural icons: The effects of mortality salience on the inappropriate use of cherished cultural symbols. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1221-1228.

Greenberg, J., Simon, L., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S, & Chatel, D. (1992). Terror management and tolerance: Does mortality salience always intensify negative reactions to others who threaten one's worldview? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 212-220.

Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Arndt, J. (2007). A uniquely human motivation: Terror management. In J. Shah & W. Gardner (Eds.), Handbook of motivation science (pp. 113-134). New York: Guilford.

Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (1990). Anxiety concerning social exclusion: Innate response or one consequence of the need for terror management? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 202-213.

Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (1997). Terror management theory of self-esteem and social behavior: Empirical assessments and conceptual refinements. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 61-139). New York: Academic Press.

Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., Rosenblatt, A., Burling, J., Lyon, D., Pinel, E., & Simon, L. (1992). Assessing the terror management analysis of self-esteem: Converging evidence of an anxiety-buffering function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 913-922.

Greenberg, J., Sullivan, D., Kosloff, S., & Solomon, S. (2006). Souls do not live by cognitive inclinations alone, but by the desire to exist beyond death as well. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 29, 474-475.

Halloran, M. J., & Kashima, E. S. (2004). Social identity and worldview validation: The effects of ingroup identity primes and mortality salience on value endorsement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 915-925.

Harmon-Jones, E., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Simon, L. (1996). The effects of mortality salience on intergroup bias between minimal groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 781-785.

Harmon-Jones, E., Simon, L., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & McGregor, H. (1997). Terror management theory and self-esteem: Evidence that increased self-esteem reduces mortality salience effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 24-36.

Hart, J., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2007). A terror management perspective on spirituality and the problem of the body. In A. Tomer, G. T. Eliason, & P. T .P. Wong (Eds.), Existential and spiritual issues in death attitudes. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Hart, J., & Shaver, P. R., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2005). Attachment, self-esteem, worldviews, and terror management: Evidence for a tripartite security system. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 999-1013.

Heine, S. J., Harihara, M., & Niiya, Y. (2002). Terror management in Japan. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 5, 187-196.

Hirschberger, G. (2006). Terror management and attributions of blame to innocent victims: Reconciling compassionate and defensive responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 832-844.

Hirschberger, G., & Ein-Dor, T. (2005). Does a candy a day keep the death thoughts away? The terror management function of eating. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 27, 179-186.

Hirschberger, G., & Ein-Dor, T. (2006). Defenders of a lost cause: Terror management and violent resistance to the disengagement plan. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 761-769.

Hirschberger, G., Ein-Dor, T., & Almakias, S. (in press). The self-protective altruist: Terror management and the ambivalent nature of prosocial behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.

Hirschberger, G., Florian, V., Mikulincer, M. (2002). The anxiety buffering function of close relationships: Mortality salience effects on the willingness to compromise mate selection standards. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 609-645.

Hirschberger, G., Florian, V., & Mikulincer, M. (2003). Strivings for romantic intimacy following partner complaint or criticism-A terror management perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20, 675-687.

Hirschberger, G., Florian, V., & Mikulincer, M. (2005). Fear and compassion: A terror management analysis of emotional reactions to physical disability. Rehabilitation Psychology, 50, 246-257.

Hirschberger, G., Florian, V., Mikulincer, M., Goldenberg, J. L., & Pyszczynski, T. (2002). Gender differences in the willingness to engage in risky behavior: A terror management perspective. Death Studies, 26, 117-141.

Hong, Y., Wong, R. Y. M., & Liu, J. H. (2001). The history of war strengthens ethnic identification. Journal of Psychology in Chinese Societies, 2, 77-105.

Hoyt, C., Simon, S., & Reid, L. (in press). Choosing the Best (Wo)Man for the Job: The Effects of Mortality Salience, Sex, and Gender Stereotypes on Leader Evaluations. Leadership Quarterly.

Hovland, O. J. (1995). Self-defeating anxiety explored: The contribution of terror management theory and rational-emotive therapy. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 8, 161-182.

Hughes, B. M., & Black, A. (2006). Body esteem as a moderator of cardiovascular stress responses in anatomy students viewing dissections. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61, 501-506.

Janssen, J., Dechesne, M., & Van Knippenberg, A. (1999) The psychological importance of youth culture: A terror management approach. Youth and Society, 31, 152-167.

Jaskiewicz, M. (2004). Mortality salience procedure's influence on readiness to altruistic behavior. [Polish]. Studia Psychologiczne, 42, 47-56.

Johnson, S. L., Ballister, C., & Joiner, T. E. (2005). Hypomanic vulnerability, terror management, and materialism. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 287-296.

Joireman, J., & Duell, B. (2005). Mother Teresa versus Ebenezer Scrooge: Mortality salience leads proselfs to endorse self-transcendent values (unless proselfs are reassured). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 307-320.

Joireman, J., & Duell, B. (2007). Self-transcendent values moderate the impact of mortality salience on support for charities. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 779-789.

Jonas, E., & Fischer, P. (2006). Terror management and religion – Evidence that intrinsic religiousness mitigates worldview defense following mortality salience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 553-567.

Jonas, E., & Fritsche, I. (2005). Terror Management Theorie und deutsche Symbole. Differenzielle Reaktionen Ost- und Westdeutscher. [Terror management theory and German symbols: Differential reactions of East and West Germans.] Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 36, 143-155.

Jonas, E., Fritsche, I., & Greenberg, J. (2005). Currencies as cultural symbols - An existential psychological perspective on reactions of Germans toward the Euro. Journal of Economic Psychology, 26, 129-146.

Jonas, E. & Greenberg, J. (2004). Terror management and political attitudes: The influence of mortality salience on Germans' defence of the German reunification. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 1-9.

Jonas, E., Greenberg, J., & Frey, D. (2003). Connecting terror management and dissonance theories: Evidence that mortality salience increases the preference for supportive information after decisions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1181-1189.

Jonas, E., Schimel, J., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2002). The Scrooge Effect: Evidence that mortality salience increases prosocial attitudes and behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1342-1353.

Judges, D. P. (1999). Scared to death: Capital punishment as authoritarian terror management. U.C. Davis Law Review, 33, 155-248.

Kashima, E. S., Halloran, M., Yuki, M., & Kashima, Y. (2004). The effects of personal and collective mortality salience on individualism: Comparing Australians and Japanese with higher and lower self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 384-392.

Kasser, T., & Sheldon, K. M. (2000). Of wealth and death: Materialism, mortality salience, and consumption behavior. Psychological Science, 11, 348-351.

Kazén, M., Baumann, N., Kuhl, J. (2005). Self-regulation after mortality salience: National pride feelings of action-oriented German participants. European Psychologist, 10, 218-228.

Koole, S. L., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2004). The best of two worlds: Experimental and existential psychology now and in the future. In Greenberg, J., Koole, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology(pp.497-504). New York: Guilford Press.

Koole, S. L, Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2006). Introducing science to the psychology of the soul: Experimental existential psychology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 212-216.

Koole, S. L., & Van den Berg, A. E. (2004). Paradise lost and reclaimed: A motivational analysis of human-nature relations. In J. Greenberg, S. L. Koole, & T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp. 86-103). New York: Guilford.

Koole, S. L., & Van den Berg, A .E. (2005). Lost in the wilderness: Terror management, action orientation, and nature evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 1014-1028.

Kosloff, S., & Greenberg, J. (2006). Android science by all means, but let’s be canny about it! Interaction studies: Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems, 7, 343-346.

Koole, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2006). Introducing science to the psychology of the soul: Experimental existential psychology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 212-216.

Kosloff, S., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (in press). Considering the roles of affect and culture in the enjoyment and enactment of cruelty. Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

Kosloff, S., Landau, M. J., Sullivan, D., & Greenberg, J. (in press). A terror management perspective on the quiet and loud ego: Implications of ego volume control for personal and social well-being. In H. Wayment & J. Bauer (Eds.), Quieting the ego: Psychological benefits of transcending egotism. Washington, D.C.: APA Press.

Kosloff, S., Landau, M. J., Weise, D., & Greenberg, J. (in press). Seven years in the wake of 9/11: A terror management perspective on psychological responses to global terrorism and their repercussions. In M. J. Morgan (Ed.), The day that changed everything? Looking at the impact of 9-11 at the end of the decade. Greenwood: Praeger International Security Press.

Kosloff, S., Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., Cohen, F., Gershuny, B., Routledge, C., & Pyszczynski, T. (2006). Fatal distraction: The impact of mortality salience on dissociative responses to 9/11 and subsequent anxiety sensitivity. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 28, 349-356.

Kumagai, T., & Ohbuchi, K. (2002). Changes in social cognition and social behavior after the September 11th affair: An interpretation from terror management theory. Tohoku Psychologica Folia, 61, 22-28.

Landau, M. J., Goldenberg, J., Greenberg, J., Gillath, O., Solomon, S., Cox, C., Martens, A., & Pyszczynski, T. (2006). The siren's call: Terror management and the threat of men's sexual attraction to women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 129-146.

Landau, M. J., & Greenberg, J. (2006) Play it safe or go for the gold? A terror management perspective on self-enhancement and protection motives in risky decision making. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1633-1645.

Landau, M. J., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (in press). The motivational underpinnings of religion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

Landau, M. J., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (in press). The neverending story: A terror management perspective on the psychological function of self-continuity. In F. Sani (Ed.), Individual and collective self-continuity: Psychological perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Landau, M. J., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T. & Martens, A. (2006). Windows into nothingness: Terror management, meaninglessness, and negative reactions to modern art. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 879-892.

Landau, M. J., Johns, M., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Martens, A. (2004). A Function of form: Terror management and structuring of the social world. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 190-210.

Landau, M. J., Goldenberg, J., Greenberg, J., Gillath, O., Solomon, S., Cox, C., Martens, A., & Pyszczynski, T. (2006). The siren’s call: Terror management and the threat of men’s sexual attraction to women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 129-146.

Landau, M. J., Greenberg, J., & Kosloff, S. (in press). Coping with the one certainty: A terror management perspective on the existentially uncertain self. In R. M. Arkin, K. C. Oleson, & P. J. Carroll (Eds.), Uncertainty in self: A handbook of perspectives from social and personality psychology. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Landau, M. J., Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., Cohen, F., Pyszczynski, T., Arndt, J., Miller, C. H., Ogilvie, D. M., & Cook, A. (2004). Deliver us from evil: The effects of mortality salience and reminders of 9/11 on support for President George W. Bush. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1136-1150.

Landau, M. J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (2007). On the compatibility of terror management theory and perspectives on human evolution. Evolutionary Psychology, 5, 476-519.

Lavine, H., Lodge, M., & Freitas, K. (2005). Threat, authoritarianism, and selective exposure to information. Political Psychology, 26, 219-244.

Leary, M. R. (2004). The function of self-esteem in terror management theory and sociometer theory: Comment on Pyszczynski et al. (2004). Psychological Bulletin, 130, 478-482.

Leary, M. R. & Schreindorfer, L. S. (1997). Unresolved issues with terror management theory. Psychological Inquiry, 8, 26-29.

Leboeuf, G. (2001). Le déni de la mort comme motivation humaine fondamentale. Aspects conceptuels et empiriques de la théorie de la gestion de la terreur. (The denial of death as human fundamental motivation: Conceptual and empirical aspects of terror management theory). Revue de l'Université de Moncton, 32, 7-51.

Lerner, M. J. (1997). What does the belief in a just world protect us from: The dread of death or the fear of undeserved suffering? Psychological Inquiry, 8, 29-32.

Lieberman, E. J. (2004). Terror management theory. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1508.

Lieberman, J. D. (1999). Terror management, illusory correlation, and perceptions of minority groups. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 21, 13-23.

Lieberman, J. D., Arndt, J., Personius, J., & Cook, A. (2001). Vicarious annihilation: The effect of mortality salience on perceptions of hate crimes. Law and Human Behavior, 25, 547-566.

Lieberman, J. D., & Greenberg, J. (in press). The rational irrationality of punishment: A terror management perspective. Clio's Psyche.

Little, M., & Sayers, E. (2004). The skull beneath the skin: Cancer survival and awareness of death. Psycho-Oncology, 13, 190-198.

MacDorman, K. F. (in press). Androids as an experimental apparatus: Why is there an uncanny valley and can we exploit it? Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Society.

Mandel, N., & Heine, S. J. (1999). Terror management and marketing: He who dies with the most toys wins. Advances in Consumer Research, 26, 527-532.

Martens, A., Greenberg, J., Schimel, J., & Landau, M. J. (2004). Ageism and death: Effects of mortality salience and similarity to elders on distancing from and derogation of elderly people. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1524-1536.

Martens, A., Goldenberg, J. L., & Greenberg, J. (2005). A terror management perspective on ageism. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 223-239.

Masheswaran, D., & Agrawal, N. (2004). Motivational and cultural variations in mortality salience effects: Contemplations on terror management theory and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14, 213-218.

Matz, D. C., Evans, B. A., Geisler, C. J., & Hinsz, V. B. (1997). Life, death, and terror management theory. Representative Research in Social Psychology, 21, 48-59.

Maxfield, M., Pyszczynski, T., Kluck, B., Cox, C., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Weise, D. (2007). Age-related differences in responses to thoughts of one’s own death: Mortality salience and judgments of moral transgressors. Psychology and Aging, 22, 343-351.

McCoy, S. K., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (2000). Transcending the self: A terror management perspective on successful aging. In A. Tomer (Ed.), Death attitudes and the older Adult: Theories, concepts and applications (pp. 37-63). Philadelphia, PA: Brunner-Routledge.

McGregor, H., Lieberman, J. D, Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., Arndt, J., Simon, L, & Pyszczynski, T. (1998). Terror management and aggression: Evidence that mortality salience motivates aggression against worldview threatening others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 590-605.

McGregor, I., Gailliot, M. T., Vasquez, N. A., & Nash, K. A. (2007). Ideological and personal zeal reactions to threat among people with high self-esteem: Motivated promotion focus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1587-1599.

Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (1997). Do we really know what we need? A commentary on Pyszczynski, Greenberg, and Solomon. Psychological Inquiry, 8, 33-36.

Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (2000). Exploring individual differences in reactions to mortality salience: Does attachment style regulate terror management mechanisms? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 260-273.

Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (2002). The effect of mortality salience on self-serving attributions - evidence for the function of self-esteem as a terror management mechanism. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 24, 261-271.

Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., Birnbaum, G., & Malishkevich, S. (2002). The death-anxiety buffering function of close relationships: Exploring the effects of separation reminders on death-thought accessibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 287-299.

Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., & Hirschberger, G. (2003). The existential function of close relationships: Introducing death into the science of love. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7, 20-40.

Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., & Hirschberger, G. (2004). The terror of death and the quest for love -An existential perspective on close relationships. In J. Greenberg, S. L., Koole, and T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp.287-304). New York: Guilford.

Miller, C. H, & Landau, M. J. (in press). Communication and the causes and costs of terrorism: A terror management theory perspective. In D. O’Hair, R. Heath, & G. Ledlow (Eds.), Terrorism: Communication and rhetorical perspectives. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.

Miller, C. H., & Landau, M. J. (2005). Communication and terrorism: A terror management theory perspective. Communication Research Reports, 22, 79-88.

Miller, E.D. (2003). Imagining partner loss and mortality salience: Consequences for romantic-relationship satisfaction. Social Behavior and Personality, 31,167-180.

Miller, G., & Taubman - Ben-Ari, O. (2004). Scuba diving risk taking - A terror management theory perspective. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26, 269-282.

Miller, R. L., & Mulligan, R. D. (2002). Terror management: The effects of mortality salience and locus of control on risk-taking behaviors. Personality & Individual Differences, 33, 1203-1214.

Mogahed, D., Pyszczynski, T., & Stern, J. (in press). Religious engagement and violence. In C. Meister (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of religious diversity. London: Oxford University Press.

Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Suicide, sex, terror, paralysis, and other pitfalls of reductionist self-preservation theory. Psychological Inquiry, 8, 36-40.

Nakonezny, P. A., Reddick, R., & Rodgers, J. L. (2004). Did divorces decline after the Oklahoma City bombing? Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 90-100.

Navarrete, C. D. (2005). Death concerns and other adaptive challenges: The effects of coalition-relevant challenges on worldview defense in the US and Costa Rica. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 8,411-427.

Navarrete, C. D., Fessler, D. M. T. (2005). Normative bias and adaptive challenges: A relational approach to coalitional psychology and a critique of terror management theory. Evolutionary Psychology. 3, 297-325.

Navarrete, C. D., Kurzban, R., Fessler, D. M. T., & Kirkpatrick, L.A. (2004). Anxiety and intergroup bias: Terror management or coalitional psychology? Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 7,370-397.

Nelson, L. J., Moore, D. L., Olivetti, J., & Scott, T. (1997). General and personal mortality salience and nationalistic bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 884-892.

Norenzayan, A., & Hansen, I. G. (2006). Belief in supernatural agents in the face of death. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 174-187.

Pastor, L. H. (2004). Culture as examining the causes and consequences of collective trauma. Psychiatric Annals, 34, 616-622.

Paulhus, D. L., & Trapnell, P. D. (1997). Terror management theory: Extended or overextended? Psychological Inquiry, 8, 40-43.

Pelham, B. W. (1997). Human motivation has multiple roots. Psychological Inquiry, 8, 44-47.

Peters, H. J., Greenberg, J., Williams, J. M., & Schneider, N. R. (2005). Applying terror management theory to performance: Can reminding individuals of their mortality increase strength output? Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 27, 111-116.

Pyszczynski, T., Abdollahi, A, Greenberg, J, & Solomon, S. (2006). Crusades and Jihads: An Existential Psychological Perspective on the Psychology of Terrorism and Political Extremism. In J. Victoroff (Ed.), Tangled roots: Social and psychological factors in the genesis of terrorism. Dordecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.

Pyszczynski, T., Abdollahi, A., Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., Cohen, F., & Weise, D. (2006). Mortality salience, martyrdom, and military might: The Great Satan versus the Axis of Evil. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 525-537.

Pyszczynski, T., Abdollahi, A., Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., Cohen, F., & Weise, D. (2008). Mortality salience, martyrdom, and military might: The Great Satan versus the Axis of Evil. Reprinted in J. Victoroff & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds), Psychology of terrorism: The best writings about the mind of the terrorist. New York: Psychology Press.

Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Goldenberg, J. (2003). Freedom versus fear: On the defense, growth, and expansion of the self. In M. R. Leary & J. P.Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity(pp. 314-343). New York: Guilford Press.

Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1997). Why do we need what we need? A terror management perspective on the roots of human social motivation. Psychological Inquiry, 8, 1-21.

Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1998). A terror management perspective on the psychology of control: Controlling the uncontrollable. In M. Kofta, G. Weary, & G. Sedek (Eds.), Personal control in action (pp.85-108). New York: Plenum Press.

Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1999). A dual-process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts: An extension of terror management theory. Psychological Review, 106, 835-845.

Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2000). Proximal and distal defense: A new perspective on unconscious motivation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 156-159.

Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2005). The machine in the ghost: A dual process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thought. In J. Forgas, W. D. Kipling, & S. M. Laham (Eds.), Social motivation: Conscious and unconscious processes (pp. 40-54). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Pyszczynksi, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt, J., & Schimel, J. (2004). Why do people need self-esteem?: A theoretical and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 435-468.

Pyszczynksi, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt, J., & Schimel, J. (2004). Converging toward an integrated theory of self-esteem: Reply to Crocker and Nuer (2004), Ryan and Deci (2004), and Leary (2004). Psychological Bulletin, 130, 483-488.

Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Hamilton, J. (1990). A terror management analysis of self-awareness and anxiety: The hierarchy of terror. Anxiety Research, 2, 177-195.

Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Maxfield, M. (in press). On the unique psychological import of the human awareness of mortality: Theme and variations. Psychological Inquiry.

Pyszczynski, T., Koole, S. L., & Greenberg, J. (2004). Experimental existential psychology: Exploring the human confrontation with reality. In J. Greenberg, S. Koole, & T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp.3-9). New York: Guilford Press.

Pyszczynski, T., Rothschild, Z., & Abdollahi, A. (in press). Terrorism, violence, and hope for peace: A terror management perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science.

Pyszczynski, T., Rothschild, Z., Motyl, M., & Abdollahi, A. (in press). The cycle of righteous destruction: A terror management theory perspective on terrorist and counter-terrorist violence. In Stritzke, Lewandowsky, Denemark, Morgan, & Claire (Eds.), Terrorism and torture: Interdisciplinary perspectives. Cambridge University Press.

Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (2003). In the wake of 9/11: The psychology of terror. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Maxfield, M. (2006). On the unique psychological import of death: Theme and variations. Psychological Inquiry, 17, 328-356

Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Stewart-Fouts, M. (1994). Liberating and constraining aspects of self: Why the freed bird finds a new cage. In A. Oosterwegel & R. A. Wicklund (Eds.), The self in European and North American culture: Development and processes. Dordecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.

Pyszczynski, T., Wicklund, R. A., Floresky, S., Gauch, G., Koch, S., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (1996). Whistling in the dark: Exaggerated estimates of social consensus in response to incidental reminders of mortality. Psychological Science, 7, 332-336.

Reiling, D. M. (2002). The "simmie" side of life: Old Order Amish youths' affective response to culturally prescribed deviance. Youth and Society, 34, 146-171.

Renkema, L. J., Stapel, D. A., Maringer, M., & Van Yperen, N. W. (in press). Terror Management and stereotyping: Why do people stereotype when mortality is salient? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.

Renkema, L. J., Stapel, D. A., & Van Yperen, N. W. (in press). Go with the flow: Confirming to others in the face of existential threat. European Journal of Social Psychology.

Rindfleisch, A., & Burroughs, J. E. (2004). Terrifying thoughts, terrible materialism? Contemplations on a terror management account of materialism and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14,219-224.

Roberts, T. A., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2007). Wrestling with nature: An existential perspective on the body and gender in self-conscious emotions. In J. Tracy, R. Robins, & J. Tangney (Eds.), The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research. New York: Guilford Press.

Rosenblatt, A., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Lyon, D. (1989). Evidence for terror management theory I: The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who violate or uphold cultural values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 681-690.

Rosenbloom, T. (2003). Sensation seeking and risk taking in mortality salience. Personality and Individual Differences, 35,1809-1819.

Routledge, C., & Arndt, J. (in press). Self-sacrifice as self-defense: Mortality salience increases efforts to affirm a symbolic immortal self at the expense of the physical self. European Journal of Social Psychology.

Routledge, C., & Arndt, J. (2005). Time and terror: Managing temporal consciousness and the awareness of mortality. In A. Strathman & J. Joirman (Eds.), Understanding behavior in the context of time: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 59-84). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Routledge, C., Arndt, J., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2004). A time to tan: Proximal and distal effects of mortality salience on sun exposure intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1347-1358.

Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2008). A blast from the past: The terror management function of nostalgia. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 132-140.

Routledge, C., Arndt, J., & Sheldon, K. M. (2004). Task engagement after mortality salience: The effects of creativity, conformity, and connectedness on worldview defense. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 477-487.

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2004). Avoiding death or engaging life as accounts of meaning and culture: Comment on Pyszczynski et al. (2004). Psychological Bulletin, 130, 473-477.

Salzman, M. (2003). Existential anxiety, religious fundamentalism, the "clash of civilizations" and terror management theory. Cross Cultural Psychology Bulletin 37, 10-16.

Salzman, M. (in press). Globalization, religious fundamentalism and the need for meaning. International Journal of Intercultural Relations.

Salzman, M. B. (2001). Globalization, culture, and anxiety: Perspectives and predictions from terror management theory. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 10, 337-352.

Salzman, M. B. (2001). Cultural trauma and recovery: Perspectives from terror management theory. Trauma Violence and Abuse, 2, 172-191.

Salzman, M. B., & Halloran, M. J. (2004). Cultural trauma and recovery: Cultural meaning, self-esteem, and the re-construction of the cultural anxiety-buffer. In J. Greenberg, S. L., Koole, & T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp. 231-246). New York: Guilford.

Schimel, J., Hayes, J., Williams, T. J., & Jahrig, J. (in press). Is death really the worm at the core? Converging evidence that worldview threat increases death-thought accessibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

Schimel, J., Simon, L., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Waxmonski, J., & Arndt, J. (1999). Support for a functional perspective on stereotypes: Evidence that mortality salience enhances stereotypic thinking and preferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 905-926.

Schimel, J. Wohl, M., & Williams, T. (2006). Terror management and trait empathy: Evidence that mortality salience promotes reactions of forgiveness among people with high trait empathy. Motivation and Emotion, 30, 214-224.

Schmeichel, B. J., & Martens, A. (2005). Self-affirmation and mortality salience: Affirming values reduces worldview defense and death-thought accessibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 658-667.

See, Y. H. M., Petty, R. E. (2006). Effects of mortality salience on evaluation of ingroup and outgroup sources: The impact of pro-versus counterattitudinal positions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 405-416.

Shaffer, B. A., & Hastings, B. M. (2004). Self-esteem, authoritarianism, and democratic values in the face of threat. Psychological Reports, 95, 311-316.

Shehryar, O., & Hunt, D. M. (2005).A terror management perspective on the persuasiveness of fear appeals. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 15, 275-287.

Silvia, P. J. (2001). Nothing of the opposite: Intersecting terror management and objective self-awareness. European Journal of Personality, 15, 73-82.

Simon, L., Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (1998). Terror Management and meaning: Evidence that the opportunity to defend the worldview in response to mortality salience increases the meaningfulness of life in the mildly depressed. Journal of Personality, 66, 359-382.

Simon, L., Greenberg, J., Arndt, J., Pyszczynski, T., Clement, R., & Solomon, S. (1997). Perceived consensus, uniqueness, and terror management: Compensatory Responses to threats to inclusion and distinctiveness following mortality salience. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1055-1065.

Simon, L., Greenberg, J., Harmon-Jones, E., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., Arndt, J., & Abend, T. (1997). Cognitive-experiential self-theory and terror management theory: Evidence that terror management occurs in the experiential system. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1132-1146.

Simon, L., Harmon-Jones, E., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (1996) The effects of mortality salience on depressed and nondepressed individuals to those who violate or uphold cultural values. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 81-90.

Smieja, M., Kalaska, M., Adamczyk, M. (2006). Scared to death or scared to love? Terror management theory and close relationships seeking. European Journal of Social Psychology. 36, 279-296.

Snyder, C. R. (1997). Control and the application of Occam's razor to terror management theory. Psychological Inquiry, 8, 48-49.

Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1991). A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldviews. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 24., pp. 93-159) New York: Academic Press.

Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1991). Terror management theory of self-esteem. In C. R. Snyder & D. Forsyth (Eds.), Handbook of social and clinical psychology: The health perspective (pp. 21-40). New York: Pergamon Press.

Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1997). Return of the living dead. Psychological Inquiry, 8, 59-71.

Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1998). Tales from the crypt: The role of death in life. Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science, 33, 9-43.

Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2000). Pride and Prejudice: Fear of death and social behavior. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 200-204.

Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2003). Fear of death and social behavior: The anatomy of human destructiveness. In N. Dess & R. Bloom (Eds.), Evolutionary approaches to human violence: A primer for policy-makers (pp.129-156). New York: Praeger.

Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2003). Why war? Fear is the mother of violence. In S. Krippner & T. McIntyre (Eds.), The impact of war trauma on civilian populations: An international perspective (pp. 299-310). New York: Greenwood/Praeger.

Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pszczynski, T. (2004). Lethal consumption: Death-denying materialism. In T.Kasser & A. Kanner (Eds.). Psychology and the culture of consumption (pp. 127-146). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2004). The cultural animal: Twenty years of terror management theory and research. In J. Greenberg, S. L., Koole, & T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp.13-34). New York: Guilford.

Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2003). Fear of death and human destructiveness. Psychoanalytic Review, 90, 457-474.

Solomon, S., Greenberg, Pyszczynski, T., Cohen, F., & Ogilvie, D. (in press). Teach these souls to fly: Supernatural as human adaptation. In M. Schaller, A. Norenzayan, S. Heine, T. Yamagishi, & T. Kameda (Eds). Evolution, culture and the human mind. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Pryzbylinski, J. (1995). The effects of mortality salience on cognitive processing of personally-relevant persuasive appeals. Social Behavior and Personality, 23, 177-190.

Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., Schimel, J., Arndt, J, & Pyszczynski, T. (2004). Human awareness of mortality and the evolution of culture. In M. Schaller & C. Crandall (Eds.). The psychological foundations of culture. (pp. 15-40). New York: Erlbaum.

Sowards, B. A., Moniz, A. J., & Harris, M. J. (1991). Self-esteem and bolstering: Testing major assumptions of terror management theory. Representative Research in Social Psychology, 19, 95-106.

Stone, W. F. (2001). Manipulation of terror and authoritarianism. Psicologia Politica, 23, 7-17.

Strachan, E., Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2001). Coping with the inevitability of death: Terror management and mismanagement. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Coping with stress: Effective people and processes (pp. 114-136). N.Y.: Plenum.

Strachan, E., Schimel, J., Arndt, J., Williams, T., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (2007). Terror mismanagement: Evidence that mortality salience exacerbates phobic and compulsive behaviors. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1137-1151.

Strachman, A., & Schimel, J. (2006). Terror management and close relationships: Evidence that mortality salience reduces commitment among partners with different worldviews. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 23, 965-978.

Sullivan, D. & Greenberg, J. (2006). Becker (and Bogie) at the movies, 4: Sacrifice as immortality vehicle in classic Hollywood films. Ernest Becker Foundation Newsletter, 13(4), 2-4.

Tam, K. P., Chiu, C. Y., & Lau, I. Y. (2007). Terror management among Chinese: Worldview defence and intergroup bias in resource allocation. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 93-102.

Taubman - Ben-Ari, O. & Katz-Ben-Ami, L. (in press). Death awareness, maternal separation anxiety, and attachment style – A Terror Management perspective. Death Studies.

Taubman - Ben-Ari, O. (2000). The effect of death reminders on reckless driving - A Terror Management perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 196-199.

Taubman - Ben-Ari, O. (2004). Intimacy and risky sexual behavior. What does it have to do with death? Death Studies, 28, 865-888.

Taubman - Ben-Ari, O. (2004). Risk taking in adolescence — "to be or not to be" is not really the question. In J. Greenberg, S. Koole & T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp. 104-121). Guilford.

Taubman Ben-Ari, O., & Findler, L. (2003). Reckless driving and gender: An examination of a terror management theory explanation. Death Studies, 27, 603-618.

Taubman-Ben-Ari, O., & Findler, L. (2005). Proximal and distal effects of mortality salience on willingness to engage in health promoting behavior along the life span. Psychology & Health, 20, 303-318.

Taubman - Ben-Ari, O., & Findler, L. (2006). Motivation for military service - A terror management perspective. Military Psychology, 18, 149-159.

Taubman Ben-Ari, O., Florian, V., & Mikulincer, M. (1999). The impact of mortality salience on reckless driving--A test of terror management mechanisms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 35-45.

Taubman, Ben-Ari, O, Florian, V., & Mikulincer, M. (2000). Does a threat appeal moderate reckless driving? A terror management theory perspective. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 32, 1-10.

Taubman Ben-Ari, O., Findler, L., & Mikulincer, M. (2002) The effects of mortality salience on relationship strivings and beliefs: The moderating role of attachment style. British Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 419-441.

Thomas, S. P. (2003). "None of us will ever be the same again": Reactions of American midlife women to 9/11. Health Care for Women International, 24, 853-867.

Tomohiro, K., & Ken-Ichi, O. (2003). The effect of mortality salience and collaborative experience on aggression of "Third-Party Victims." Tohoku Psychologica Folia, 62, 109-119.

Vallacher, R. R. (1997). Grave matters. Psychological Inquiry, 8, 50-54.

van den Bos, K. (2001). Reactions to perceived fairness: The impact of mortality salience and self-esteem on ratings of negative affect. Social Justice Research, 14, 1-23.

van den Bos, K. (2004). An existentialist approach to the social psychology of fairness: The influence of mortality and uncertainty salience on reactions to fair and unfair events. In J. Greenberg, S. L., Koole, & T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp.167-181). New York: Guilford.

van den Bos, K., & Miedema, J. (2000). Toward understanding why fairness matters: The influence of mortality salience on reactions to procedural fairness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 355-366.

van den Bos, K., Poortvliet, P. M., Maas, M., Miedema, J., & van den Ham, E. (2005). An enquiry concerning the principles of cultural norms and values: The impact of uncertainty and mortality salience on reactions to violations and bolstering of cultural worldviews. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 91-113.

van der Zee, K., van Oudenhoven, J. P., & Grijs, E. (2004). Personality, threat, and cognitive and emotional reactions to stressful intercultural situations. Journal of Personality, 72, 1069-1096.

Wakimoto, R. (2005). Hindsight and foresight about terror management theory: Attempting to reconstruct terror management theory into comprehensive theoretical framework which explains within and between culture differences. Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 165-179.

Wakimoto, R. (2006) Mortality salience effects on modesty and relative self-effacement. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 9, 176-183.
Wicklund, R. A. (1997). Terror management accounts of other theories: Questions for the cultural worldview concept. Psychological Inquiry, 8, 54-58.

Walsh, P. E., & Smith, J. L. (2007). Opposing standards within the cultural worldview: Terror management and American women's desire for uniqueness versus inclusiveness. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31, 103-113.

Weise, D., Pyszczynski, T., Cox, C., Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Kosloff, S. (in press). Interpersonal politics: The role of terror management and attachment processes in political preferences. Psychological Science.

Wisman, A., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2005). From the grave to the cradle: Evidence that mortality salience engenders a desire for offspring. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 46-61.

Wisman, A., & Koole, S. (2003). Hiding in the crowd: Can mortality salience promote affiliation with others who oppose one's worldviews? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 511-526.

X, Y, & Z

Xiangkui, Z., Juan, G., & Lumei, T. (2005). Can self-esteem buffer death anxiety? The effect of self-esteem on death anxiety caused by mortality salience. Psychological Science (China), 28, 602-605.

Yum, Y., & Schenck-Hamlin, W. (2005). Reactions to 9/11 as a function of terror management and perspective taking. Journal of Social Psychology, 145, 265-286.